Publication in the Diário da República: Despacho n.º 7795/2021 - 09/08/2021
6 ECTS; 3º Ano, 1º Semestre, 28,0 T + 42,0 PL , Cód. 911254.
Lecturer
- Mário Helder Rodrigues Gomes (1)(2)
(1) Docente Responsável
(2) Docente que lecciona
Prerequisites
Not applicable.
Objectives
Understand the construction and operation of power systems. Understand the different technologies used in distribution networks, distributed generation, and microgeneration, as well as in smart grids.
Know how to size and select service resources in electrical networks and understand the impact associated with their integrated operation (energy efficiency/quality).
Program
1. Power Systems (PS): Value chain; Load characteristics; Line transmission capacity; Relationship between frequency and real power balance; Effect of reactive power on voltage; Characterization of EWS components (Transformers, Electrical Machines, Lines and Cables, Loads). PS operation and interconnection with other systems.
2. Load Flow (LF): Busbar types; Nodal analysis of an electrical network; Analytical definition of the PS problem. Per-Unit System (PU). Numerical methods used in PS problems.
3. Processing Stations and HV/MV Substations: Characterization; Busbars; Layouts; RSSPTS; Sizing bases; Technical characteristics of service assets - power, measurement, and metering equipment and devices; Operation and maintenance.
4. Distribution networks: HV, MV, and LV networks; Radial networks, ring/bi-fed networks, and mesh networks; Overhead and underground networks; Conventional and intelligent protection; Regulatory standards; Basis for distribution network design - electrical calculations (conductor voltage and cross-section determination, Still's formula and Starr's table, Kelvin's law, and Frey's method); basis of Mechanical calculation of overhead lines (level/uneven supports); Conductor types; Line routing and the most economical span.
5. Decentralized production: Understanding the energy transition and decarbonization of energy production (PNEC2030) and energy efficiency. Renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro); Conversion technologies (PV, WT, MT); Regulations on micro/mini production (UPAC, CER, UPP); Technical conditions for interconnection to the electricity grid; Local characteristic indicators (irradiation, velocity, flow, annual use); Simplified assessment of energy potential.
6. Smart Grids (SG): Characterization - design, objectives, benefits, and effects; Technological integration - distributed production and storage resources, electric vehicles, control and supervision systems, communication systems, smart meters; Prosumers. Load diagrams (passive/active networks); Flexible loads; Bidirectionality of energy flows; Electricity market concepts.
7. Distribution network sizing: Constant cross-section method; Constant current density method; Minimum copper volume method; Coltri-Teischmüller method; Power flow, reactive energy, and protection in distribution networks. Short circuits in distribution networks. Selection of conventional protections and electronic/digital protections.
8. Power quality: Framework; Standards - EN 50160; Quality of Service Regulation (RQS) and NPEN 5010. Service Continuity - TEIPI, SAIFI, SAIDI, END, FI, DI indicators; Voltage Wave Quality - effective value, flicker, harmonic distortion, imbalance, frequency, voltage dips; Commercial Quality.
9. Preparation of studies on the planning and operation of smart grids.
Evaluation Methodology
Written test (50%) and two Assignments (50% that includes a research one quoted in 15% and a simulation one - Point 9 of the Syllabus - quoted in 35%).
The minimum passing grade for the course is 47.5%.
Bibliography
- Bernd Buchholz, Zbigniew Styczynski, . (2020). Smart Grids: Fundamentals and Technologies in Electric Power Systems of the future. (Vol. 1 - 2nd edition). (pp. - ). : Springer, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9.
- DL, . (1977). Regulamento de Segurança de Subestações, Postos de Transformação e de Seccionamento (RSSPTS). (Vol. ). (pp. - ). Lisboa: Decreto-Lei n.º 42895 de 1960 e alterações do Decreto Regulamentar n.º 14/77 de 1977.
- DR, . (1984). Regulamento de Segurança das Redes de Distribuição de Energia Eléctrica em Baixa Tensão (RSRDEEBT). (Vol. ). (pp. - ). Lisboa: Diário da República n.º 297/1984, Série I de 1984.
- DR, . (1992). Regulamento de Segurança de Linhas Eléctricas de Alta Tensão (RSLEAT). (Vol. ). (pp. - ). Lisboa: Ministério da Indústria e Energia, Diário da República n.º 41/1992, Série I-B de 1992.
- José Sucena Paiva, . (2015). Redes de Energia Eléctrica. (Vol. 1). (pp. - ). Lisboa: IST Press, 2015. ISBN: 978-989-8481-41-2.
- Surya Santoso, Mark F. McGranaghan, Roger C. Dugan, H. Wayne Beaty, . (2012). Electrical Power Systems Quality. (Vol. 1- third Edition). (pp. - ). : McGraw-Hill Education, 2012. ISBN: 9780071761550.
Teaching Method
Expository and reflective theoretical classes supported by audiovisual tools.
Practical laboratory classes are offered to solve exercises using a whiteboard and audiovisual aids, and to simulate networks using software.
Software used in class
PowerWorld, SimPowerSystems ou PSS/E.
Word, Excel, PowerPoint.
