4 ECTS; 1º Ano, 2º Semestre, 45,0 TP , Cód. 203415.
Lecturer
- Ana Cristina Becerra Nata dos Santos (1)(2)
(1) Docente Responsável
(2) Docente que lecciona
Prerequisites
Not applicable.
Objectives
1. Understand and be able to use the main concepts of:
1.1. Descriptive statistics;
1.2. Probability theory
1.3. Probability distributions.
1.4. Estimation and hypothesis testing;
1.5. Simples linear regression.
2. Proceed to data analysis, interpret the results and carry out a decision.
Program
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1.1. Importance and goals of Statistics. Data analysis method steps.
1.2. Characterization data.
1.3. Frequency distributions.
1.4. Measures of descriptive statistics
1.4.1. Measures of location: central tendency (mean, median and mode) and measures of position (quartiles, deciles and percentiles). Identification and classification of outliers. Box-plot.
1.4.2. Measures of dispersion.
1.4.3. Measures of skewness.
1.4.4. Measures of kurtosis.
2. PROBABILITY THEORY
2.1. Some notes on combinatorial analysis.
2.2. Definitions.
2.2.1. Random Experiments.
2.2.2. Probability space.
2.2.3. Events.
2.3. Properties of set theoretic operations.
2.4. Definition and properties of probability.
2.4.1. Classical definition of probability.
2.4.2. Relative frequency definition of probability.
2.4.3. Axioms of probability.
2.5. Conditional probability.
2.6. Independence events.
2.7. The law of total probability and the Bayes? Theorem.
3. RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
3.1 Random variables.
3.1.1. Discrete random variables. Probability mass function and cumulative distribution function. Expected value, variance and some their properties. Mode and quartiles.
3.1.2. Continuous random variables. Probability density function and cumulative distribution function. Expected value, variance and some their properties. Mode and quartiles.
3.2. Some discrete probability distributions.
3.2.1. Binomial distribution.
3.2.2. Poisson?s distribution.
3.2.3. Poisson approximation to the Binomial distribution.
3.2.4. Other discrete probability distributions: geometric and hypergeometric.
3.3. Some continuous probability distributions
3.3.1. Normal distribution. Definition, properties, using the standardized Normal distribution N(0,1) table.
3.3.2. Central limit theorem. Normal approximation to the Binomial and Poisson?s distributions.
3.3.3. Other continuous probability distributions: Chi-square, Student?s t and Snedcor?s F distributions.
4. ESTIMATION AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING
4.1. Estimation
4.1.1. Basic concepts of estimation. Estimator and estimation.
4.1.2. Point estimation.
4.1.3. Interval estimation for the mean, proportion, variance and difference between means and variance.
4.2. Hypothesis testeing
4.2.1. Introduction to hypothesis tests. Null and alternative hypotheses, one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests, types of errors, significance and power of hypothesis tests.
4.2.2. p-value method.
4.2.3. Hypothesis tests for various parameters.
5. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
5.1. Scatter diagram. Simple linear regression model and least squares line.
5.2. Quality of the adjustment: correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination.
5.3. Inference about prediction.
Evaluation Methodology
Continuous assessment: two written tests, without consultation, rated from 0 to 20 points. The final grade is the arithmetic average of these assessments. By exam: written test, without consultation, on all the contents, rated from 0 to 20 points. Approval (in any modality): at least 10 out of 20 values. If the final grade is higher than 17, the student must submit to an oral exam for defense.
Bibliography
- Gama, S. e Pedrosa, A. (2016). Introdução Computacional à Probabilidade e Estatística, com Excel. Lisboa: Porto Editora
- Robalo, A. (1998). Estatística: Exercícios, Vol I (Probabilidades. Variáveis aleatórias). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo
- Robalo, A. (2004). Estatística: Exercícios, Vol II (Distribuições. Inferência Estatística). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo
- Siegel, A. (1988). Statistics and Data Analysis: An Introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Teaching Method
Theoretical and practical classes focusing on content presentation and case studies on every topic covered, promoting and encouraging students' participation in class discussion. Special emphasis is placed on economic data analysis.
Software used in class
Microsoft Excel
