4.5 ECTS; 1º Ano, 1º Semestre, 30,0 T + 30,0 TP + 2,0 OT , Cód. 93807.
Lecturer
- Eduardo Jorge Marques de Oliveira Ferraz (2)
(1) Docente Responsável
(2) Docente que lecciona
Prerequisites
Not applicable.
Objectives
1.Identify rocks and minerals with common occurrence
2.Understand the relation between rock, sediment and clay
3.Know the rocks used in stone construction
4.Know the sediments and clays used in earth construction
5.Know the production of binders and mortars
Program
Theoretical component:
1. Stone materials, sediments and minerals
1.1. Igneous rocks: granite and basalt
1.1.1. Magmatism and volcanism
1.2. Sedimentary rocks: limestone and gypsum
1.2.1. Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition and diagenesis
1.3 Metamorphic rocks: shale
1.3.1. Metamorphism
1.4. Sediments: sand, silt and clay
1.5. Minerals: silica, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and clay minerals
1.5.1. Types: oxides, hydroxides, silicates, aluminosilicates, sulphates and carbonates
1.6. Alteration and alterability
1.6.1. The lithosphere interaction with atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
1.6.2. Relationship between rock, mineral, sediment and clay
2. Stone materials uses in stone construction
2.1 Use in foundations, pillars and masonry
2.2. Exploitation and preparation of stone materials
2.3. Structure and general properties of the stone materials
2.3.1. Solid and amorphous state
2.3.2. Texture
2.3.3. Mechanical strength
2.3.4. Impermeability versus porosity
2.4. Deterioration of stone materials
2.4.1. Main factors and mechanisms
2.4.2. Common pathologies: chemical dissolution
3. Sediments and clays used in earth construction
3.1. Utilization in adobe, compressed earth block, rammed earth and tabique
3.2. Exploitation, preparation, conformation and drying of sediments and clays
3.3. Structure and general properties of the sediments and clays
3.3.1. Solid and liquid state
3.3.2. Particle size and distribution of grain/particle
3.4. Structure and general properties of the utilization
3.4.1. Cohesion and stability
3.4.2. Mechanical and seismic strength
3.4.3. Permeability and porosity versus impermeability
3.5. Deterioration of utilization
3.5.1. Main factors and mechanisms
3.5.2. Common pathologies: rain and wind wear
4. Rocks and sediments used in binder materials and mortars
4.1 Classic binders: gypsum, lime, hydraulic lime and cement
4.1.1. Types: air and hydraulic
4.2. Classic mortars: simple and bastard
4.2.1. Main function and application
4.3. Traditional production of binders
4.3.1. Raw materials
4.3.2. Calcination
4.3.3. Grinding
4.4. Traditional production of mortars
4.4.1. Composição e formulação
4.4.2. Componentes
4.4.3. Mixture
4.4.4. Curing and ageing
4.5. Pozzolans and pozzolanic materials
4.5.1. Types: natural and syntectic
4.6. Modern binders and mortars
4.6.1. Geopolymers based on calcined kaolin
4.7. Structure and general properties of the mortars
4.7.1. Solid and liquid state
4.7.2. Fresh and hardened state
4.7.3. Setting time
4.7.4. Shrinkage and cracking
4.7.5. Porosity
4.7.6. Water, mechanical and chemical strength
4.8. Deterioration of mortars
4.8.1. Main factors and mechanisms
4.8.2. Defects of formulation, mixture, application and hardening
4.8.3. Common pathologies: effloresces and ceramic-mortar interaction
Theoretical-practical component:
1. Concept of sample and subsample. Representative sample. Relationship between properties and sampling
2. Hardened Mohs scale
3. Identification of minerals to the naked eye (macroscopic examination) in hand samples.
4. Macroscopic examination of the texture of igneous (acid and basic), sedimentary (detrital and carbonated) and metamorphic rocks
5. Manual conformation of adobe block
6. Generic formulation of lime and cement mortar
12. Mixing of mortar. Fresh stat tests. Flow table test. Conformation of prismatic test specimens.
13. Curing of mortar. Hardened state tests. Mechanical strength (bending and compression) evaluated in the conformed samples
14. Analysis, interpretation of results and major conclusions
Evaluation Methodology
1. Theoretical component (67%) assessed through closed-book exam.
2. Theoretical-practical component (33%) assessed through closed-book exam.
Bibliography
- Borrelli, E. e Urland, A. (1999). ARC Laboratory Handbook. Rome: ICCROM
- Henry, A. e Stewart, J. (2012). Practical Building Conservation: Mortars, Renders & Plasters. Farnham: Ashgate
- Keef, L. (2005). Earth Building: Methods and Materials, Repair and Conservation. Abingdon: Routledge
- Odgers, D. e Henry, A. (2012). Practical Building Conservation: Stone. Farnham: Ashgate
Teaching Method
1. Lectures focused on the exploration of basic concepts and elementary principles.
2. Laboratory classes which applying of technical concepts, including observation, calculus and testing.
Software used in class
Not applicable.
