Publication in the Diário da República: Despacho n.º 15239/2016 - 19/12/2016
5 ECTS; 1º Ano, 2º Semestre, 30,0 T + 30,0 TP , Cód. 814211.
Lecturer
- Valentim Maria Brunheta Nunes (1)(2)
(1) Docente Responsável
(2) Docente que lecciona
Prerequisites
Not applicable.
Objectives
Students should be familiar with the principles of Chemical Thermodynamics and be able to apply them to (solid, liquid or gaseous) systems with interest to Chemical Technology. They should develop important calculus techniques in chemical technology.
Program
1. Ideal and real gases. Concepts of pressure and temperature. The zeroth law of thermodynamics. Equations and variables of state. The ideal gas model. Boyle's, Charles's, Gay-Lussac's, and Avogadro's laws. Partial pressures and Dalton's law. Isotherms and isobars of a gas. Real gases: critical point. Compressibility factor. Virial equations. Van der Waals equation. Other equations of state. Principle of corresponding states.
2. Fundamental Concepts of Chemical Thermodynamics. Heat and work. Systems, variables, and state functions. Internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. Reversible and irreversible processes. Enthalpy and heat capacities. Joule's and Joule-Thomson's experiments. Thermochemistry. Hess's Law. Variation of enthalpy with temperature. Kirchhoff's Law. Combustion reactions. Adiabatic flame temperature.
3. Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot cycle. Entropy change calculations. Absolute entropy and the third law.
4. Gibbs and Helmholtz energies. Combinations of the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. Maxwell's relations. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
5. Chemical potential. Equilibrium in chemical reactions. The equilibrium constant. Van't Hoff equation. Ideal gaseous systems. Heterogeneous systems. Real gaseous systems: the fugacity of a gas.
6. Phase equilibrium in pure substances. Gibbs phase rule. Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations. Phase diagrams. Supercritical properties.
7. Phase equilibria in multicomponent systems. Binary systems. Ideal mixtures. Raoult's Law and Henry's Law. Colligative properties. Ideal solubility of solids in liquids. Real solutions.
Evaluation Methodology
Final written exam (100%)
Bibliography
- Atkins, P. e De Paula, J. e Keeler, J. (2018). Physical Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Azevedo, E. (2018). Termodinâmica Aplicada. Lisboa: Escolar Editora
Teaching Method
Theoretical lectures presenting the subjects. Theoretical and practical lessons with problem-solving exercises.
Software used in class
Not applicable
